einstein's unique brain part 2

New Features Found in Einstein's Brain

April 21, 2009 by Miranda Marquit Enlarge

Albert Einstein had a brain different from the "average" person.

(PhysOrg.com) -- When one thinks of Einstein, it is natural to assume that obviously his brain differed from that of the average person. And, ever since Thomas Harvey, a pathologist in Princeton, removed Einstein's brain upon his 1955 death and documented it, scientists have been studying it. Currently, Einstein's brain is in 240 pieces, mounted on slides. However, measurements and photographs were taken of the brain prior to its dis-assembly, and these photos are pored over every few years by those wishing to unravel the secrets of the brain belonging to one of the geniuses of the 20th Century.
 

In 1999, an anatomical study of Einstein's brain was made. Interestingly, reports Science Now, his brain was smaller than average:
"One parameter that did not explain Einstein's mental prowess, however, was the size of his brain: At 1230 grams, it fell at the low end of average for modern humans."
This meant that it was necessary to study the other intricacies of his brain. If Einstein's overall brain were at the smaller end, perhaps there were other things to find. The 1999 study by a team in Canada found that Einstein's parietal lobes were 15% wider than average. Science Now points out that these lobes are usually connected to spatial and visual cognition, as well as mathematics.

A new study has found even more differences in Einstein's brain. Dean Falk works at Florida State University and has studied the photographs of Einstein's brain in detail. In addition to the parietal lobes, Falk claims to have discovered a pattern of ridges and grooves in those wider lobes that is rare. This rare pattern is thought to have contributed to Einstein's visual thinking when it came to physics.

Another difference Falk found is related to a knob found in the motor cortex. Science Now describes the implications of this knob in the brain:
"[ I ]n other studies, similar "knobs" have been associated with musical ability. (Einstein had played the violin avidly since childhood.)"

The idea is that what made Einstein a genius has more to do with the structure of his brain, than its size. However, it is important to keep in mind that Einstein's brain in its totality can only be studied via photograph and compared to other photographs. And, of course, the brain is a complex and still-mysterious organ. But it may be that we can glean some additional insight from studying the structure of Einstein's brain.
© 2009 PhysOrg.com

einstein's unique brain

By Kenneth Chang
ABCNEWS.com
June 17— Albert Einstein, the unassuming genius of relativity and E=mc², was no swollen head. But his brain — at least one portion of it — really was bigger than what’s in the rest of us.
     In the June 19 issue of the medical journal The Lancet, researchers at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, report that the portion of the brain associated with mathematics was 15 percent wider than average in Einstein. Unique Brain
“We don’t know if every brilliant physicist and mathematician will have this same anatomy.”
Sandra Witelson, neuroscientist
Furthermore, they found that the groove that normally runs from the front of the brain to the back did not extend all the way in Einstein’s case. 

A 1955 photograph of Albert Einstein's brain. (Witelson/Kigar/Harvey/The Lancet)

     The researchers hypothesize that the partially missing groove might have allowed more neurons in this area to establish connections between each other and work together more easily.
     “That kind of shape was not observed in any one of our brains and is not depicted in any atlas of the human brain,” says Sandra Witelson, the McMaster neuroscientist who led the study.
     “But it shouldn’t be seen as anatomy is destiny,” she adds. “We also know that environment has a very important role to play in learning and brain development. But what this is telling us is that environment isn’t the only factor.” Weighing Intelligence
Other scientists aren’t sure how much size matters in this case, if at all. “I think one should be very cautious in interpreting this finding,” says Dr. Francine Benes, director of the Harvard Brain Bank at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass. “To relate this finding to Einstein’s genius, one would have to have a comparison group of geniuses.”
     Still, Benes adds, “It’s quite interesting. I think this observation may prompt investigators to investigate this portion of the brain more closely.”
     Einstein’s brain was removed during an autopsy after he died in April 1955 at age 76. Dr. Thomas Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy, cut the brain into pieces and preserved it in formaldehyde for scientific study.
     The overall size of Einstein’s brain is unremarkable. It actually weighed a third of a pound less than the three-pound average of adult males. In 1985, scientists at University of California, Berkeley reported that portions of Einstein’s brain had higher-than-normal numbers of glial cells, which feed neurons. The Berkeley researchers suggested that the extra glial cells were needed to nourish Einstein’s high-performance neurons, but that finding remained controversial.
Mostly Normal
In the latest study, the McMaster researchers compared autopsy measurements and photographs of Einstein’s brain with the preserved brains of 35 men and 56 women known to be of normal intelligence when they died.
     With the men’s brains, they conducted two separate comparisons — first between Einstein’s brain and those of all the men, and next between his brain and those of the eight men who were similar in age to Einstein when they died.

The parietal lobes, located behind the brain’s frontal lobes, have been linked with various kinds of higher-level thinking, including processing of visual information, mathematics, language and music. A missing groove might have allowed Einstein’s brain to form more connections between neurons in this region. (ABCNEWS.com)

     Einstein’s brain fell in the range of normal for all measurements, except for the portion known as the inferior parietal lobes, located in the middle of the brain. Other experiments have shown the parietal lobes are involved in mathematics, as well as music and processing of visual images
     “The region of the brain that seems to be different in Einstein is the part that would be used in his unusual abilities,” comments John Kaas, a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University. “That makes a stronger argument. If they showed a difference in some other part of brain, I wouldn’t be as impressed.”
     Witelson says the missing groove, known as the sulcus, was likely always absent in that part of Einstein’s brain, rather than shrinking away as a result of his intelligence, because it appears very early in life. Brain Boggler
“We don’t know if every brilliant physicist and mathematician will have this same anatomy,” Witelson said. “It fits and it makes a compelling story, but it requires further proof.”
     Follow-up studies could include scanning the brains of living mathematicians and physicists for similar brain features.
     Witelson’s group is yet to report any findings from its examination of the actual tissue from Einstein’s brain. Witelson obtained a sample from Harvey a couple of years ago.
     Which means there will probably be more chapters in this saga of Einstein’s brain. 

doktor baru sampai.

alhamdullilah,
mujurlah kontraktor telekom sudah baiki kabel telefon, kalu tak, terpaksalah pergi menjelajah setiap kedai yang ada wifi.that a relief, thanks to them and now i can continue to do  my work, more faster and more advance than 2 weeks ago~, (lama tuh) also~ continue 'facebooking' ,haha. update blog is really tired you know, nak tulis panjang-panjang pun rasa malas,haha, baca the point jelahkan lebih senang, tak perlu panjang-panjanglah. semua orang baca novel pun tak habis jugak, kalau faham pun baca sinopsis.

bYe,~

my idol when I started to learn

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.

At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.

In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.

After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.

Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

---

* Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.

feel. do. follow

life is an opportunity, take advantage of it,

  life is beautiful, admire it,

life is happiness, enjoy it.

life is a dream, make it a reality.

life is a challenge, face it.

life is responsibilities, bear it.

life is a game, play with it.

life is a promise, Fulfill it.

life is a song, Sing it.

life is a struggle, accept it.

life is a tragedy, confront it.

life is luck, take it.

life is precious, do not destroy it,

life is life, strive for it.

hari pertama - kelas baru.

now at 7 am, I enter the class that will be converted to class Arab.
the first study session, no news about any further changes, then a first session ended another teacher into the class and give a piece of paper the names of students who will be changed.

before the break, all students in this block out of their class to ask what happened and i said i have been transfer to any of yours class.  

I must have a name on one of the 5 classes, so I need to search for my name one by one, I really exhausting at that time. so i wait outside the classroom until somebody come tell me where my new class is.suddenly, one of my friend tell that my name was in his class, that means i had been transfered to his class, I feel relieved when I found out my new  class.

after end of the rest, I enter into a new class that I'm supposed to be. The first teacher i see after that was the same teacher who taught me Malay, on other class. Arrival time learning history, the teacher who taught me about the history was in, I am very surprised because the teacher who taught me history is the teacher who always call me chinesse and complaining about my hair.as expected, after several minutes of teaching, she came to me and Complain about my hair, I am not the only victims, there more in my class who got long hair exclude the female students.

when the bell sounds, I out of the school fence as soon as possible. it was really tension that day.erghhh

tension.headache.regret.

first impresion: I want to kick all kinds of furniture in there if i could

story begin.

Today, around 10 am, I am very angry with the school management because, first days, teachers said that class I sit now is normal classes for this year. suddenly, a classmate told me that this class will be converted to arab class. When I heard all that, I want to kick the teacher incharge in managing exchange if possible. so tomorrow I have to switch to other classes however. after that, I began to feel headache and tension, because thinking about that exchange. A day before the exchange, I am very worried and afraid if a teacher who taught me after this, was a fierce and strict, more frightening, if teachers who taught me, is a teacher who does not like long hair. I think it will be unfortunate for me that day

I hope tomorrow I can go into a good class and a class of many students who wish to study. I should change the class in the first place, if I know this will be like this. I really regret what happened this week. please pray I will succeed in the PMR, hope it will come true.
help me.
feelings: regret for what I'm done last year and now

Getting.Old

My age is changing.!!
thanks to god i'm going to fifthteen with full health.
and thanks to everyone, that remember my birthday especially to my family that had gather half of our family to come wish me happy birthday. and to my friend that had wished although they in busy because they have to prepare for the school. thanks a lot...

changing to fifthteen is not going be happy actually coz i had to sitting PMR, but i'm try to face it.

"tommorow, the year that make my heart beating so fast, i thought it another year!!??...."
FYI,next year i gonna be PMR candidates. those word 'study' to me like i got no excuse to push away now, "time running now but you still walk, why?"- some who care for me repeating this word everyday and every time i listening to it , it's like i'm going numb and think(?) . 3 more day are my birthday, but my brain are weaving and thinking about this exam so much, like i'don't care anymore my birthday. DAMN, i'm so worried.

the last exam, seem those ex-PMR's candidates, they act cool like nothing happen but their result still superb, just shocked me , really2 shocked. Hope, my situation just like them, luck like them, cool like them and result like them. next year, em, my only focus i think is study, got best result. and maybe wanna go to sbp or mrsm because there, i just know i can got the best.Just now i'm looked my friend in mrsm, their result were 'wow!!' . some were got SEVEN's A, some got EIGHT's A . these number , NEVER.NEVER.EVER.EVER stick on my result paper, hope it be oneday.

thanks to who support me till now.
thanks to who teach me.
thanks to who willing him knowledge to me.
and my friends we got long way to go, don't forget to pray, learn and be nice~
huhu

keluar.jln.jln

outing untuk kali terakhir bagi thn nih dan sebelum pmr exam. tak ramai yang datang join makan. Outing kali geng.geng nih tak berminat nak pergi makan kat kb mall, mungkin masih TAKUT nak pergi sana sebab accident  kereta terjunam dalam mall hari tuh. SO kite pon pergi makan kat mc'd dekat dengan parkson yan g sudah diubahsuai.

girl exskpg yang tengah sibuk makan dan berbual, nak tengok camera pon tak sempat.

sorang lelaki tuh, belum jadi ex lagi.

Nih barisan.lelaki, sorang lagi dah menghilangkan diri, katanya nak potong rambut, so die balik awal.

lelaki.lelaki nih jelah yang datang,termasuk ak lah, sebab boring , tak ada kerja nak buat apadal tahun depan dah masuk form 3 , dah nak exam esh2.

di tepi sungai kelantan. keringkan lidah dengan angin yang nyaman di situ, huhu.

new club page~for smip's student

the smip club, hope siapa yang  belajar kat sini/sana -mean di smip la. Joinlah group/page[SMK Ismail Petra] nih di facebook. lets get together.gather.Wop, jangan lupa invite or told sesiapa yang berkelayakkan untuk join sekali.

discussion.no need.

discuss pasal ajak kawan.kawan makan.aduihhh. Padahal berapa kali dah buat. Still didn't learn.Wasting time jah. dah lah tengah tengok tv shows mase tuh, tengah syok tuh. Menghilangkan mood ak jah.

exam result.so emotional

tak la bagus sangat, tpi bagus untuk msk kls yang bagus.
but, tetap tak puas hati, next time tak ada chance rasenyo nak surf internet lama2, huaw2

Introduction : Well-Know Person

The aim buka blogspot nih sebenarnya untuk mem'update' kisah hidupku, haha. Disebabkan menjelang 2010 nih sy jarang online profile such as Myspace. , Facebook. , Friendster , Tagged , Ym , Skype and so on, so i produce this blog to you guys to keep update about me and what i'm doing, if anything happen or question to ask you can send email to me - carlz_zeins@yahoo.com. insyaallah saya akan balas your question.